Invisible Spacetime Theory - An Approach to Generalize Subluminal and Superluminal Speeds

Subluminal velocity is a relative quantity. That is, frames can exist to explain relative object movement. But there was no any preferred frame from which superluminal speed can be explained. In this paper, a single frame is suggested from which both subluminal and superluminal speeds can be explained. This frame is considered to be placed in ‘Invisible space (i-space)’. Unlike 3D space, it is assumed that i-space can bear objects with superluminal speeds. Both Special Relativity [1] and Faster Than Light concept are explained together from the view of i-space.

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On the Test of Time Dilation Using the Relativistic Doppler Shift Equation

The test was based on the validation of an algebraic equality relating a set of measured frequencies, and deduced from the relativistic Doppler equations. In this study, it was shown that this algebraic equality, used as a validation criterion, did not uniquely imply the validity of the relativistic Doppler equations. In fact, using an approach in line with the referenced study, it was revealed that an infinite number of frequency shift equations would satisfy the employed validation criterion. Nonetheless, it was shown that even if that claim was hypothetically accepted, then the experiment would prove nothing but a contradiction in the Special Relativity prediction. In fact, it was clearly demonstrated that the relativistic blue shift was the consequence of a time contraction, determined via the light speed postulate, leading to the relativistic Doppler formula in the case of an approaching light source. The experiment would then be confirming a relativistic time contraction. It was also shown that the classical relativity resulted in perceived time alterations leading to the classical Doppler Effect equations. The “referenced study” result could be attributed to the classical Doppler shift within 10 % difference.

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Method of Equilibrium Density Matrix. Energy of Interacting Valence Electrons in Metal

Variational principle of the density matrices is used in the framework of the mean field method for research of systems of valence electrons in metals. We obtained the model Hamiltonian describing the behavior of interacting electrons, which describes all the properties of superconductors. Note that was using the Coulomb potential that acts between two electrons in the coordinate space.

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Natural Radioactivity in Soil Samples in Nineveh Province and the Associated Radiation Hazards

The specific activity of soil samples ranged from 16.21 to 38.83 Bq/kg with an average of value of 32.52±6.48 Bq/kg, 8.53 to 28.37 Bq/kg with an average of 20.30±5.36 Bq/kg, 236.03 to 613.11 Bq/kg with an average of 378.93± 123.29Bq/kg, and 2.18 to 17.92 Bq/kg with an average of 8.17± 5.55 Bq/kg for 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs respectively. The study also examine some radiation hazard indices such as Radium equivalent activity (Raeq), Absorbed gamma dose rate (D), External hazard index (Hex), Internal hazard index (Hin) and gamma index (Iγ). These calculated hazard indices to estimate the potential radiological health risk in soil. The radium equivalent activity average (Raeq) was less than the permitted value (370 Bq/kg). The average absorbed dose rate value also less than the permissible limit of 55 nGy/h. The external hazard index, internal hazard index and gamma index of soil samples were less than unity.

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Approach for Selection of a Synthesis Procedure of GeO2 Ultra-small Nano Particles and Its Characterization

A rigorous study of germanium oxide nano-particle synthesis is done by hydrothermal method. An optimum synthesis condition to obtain the stable and ultra-small size as of 10 nm of the material is determined by characterizing the prepared samples with X-Ray diffraction pattern analysis and TEM. The sample with smallest particle size is also characterized with HRTEM, PL and FTIR spectroscopy. The characterization results are analyzed accordingly. The most remarkable feature of the ultra small sized sample as observed is the current-voltage characteristic, which has been explained with oxygen vacancy phenomenon.

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Appraisal of a New Gravitational Constant

The need of extending the theory of relativity has led M.Tailherer to the hypothesis of a new fundamental equation and constant, embodying in a unique wave equation for the graviton the link between gradient of curvature and deformation of metric. As direct continuation of a preceding work, here a new assessment of the constant S in the Vortex Theory of gravitation is given in a more direct approach than 1st approximation yielding S =(2.5±1.2)E-19 m-1. Issues are concerned fitting by Maple four binary systems data, also allowing to assign a meaningful inertial mass to the graviton (5.5±2.6)E-61 Kg confirming known heuristic bounding. In Appendix an easy way of getting the vortex’s gradient formula is shown along with the whole action of the model and the description of the tide effect on a test mass with respect to a x polarized gravitational wave in the case of an asymmetric source.

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Can a Charge Configuration with Extreme Excess Charge be Stable?

It is shown that a special case of a system of this kind in the form of a charged spherical shell with powerful excess charge may exhibit violent such oscillations, effectively freezing it from expansion and thus in principle showing a counter-intuitive stability, albeit presumably short-lived. This effect may possibly have a bearing on, e g, some types of ball lightning observations, and is here also discussed in relation to the virial theorem, which traditionally is considered to exclude stable, localised electromagnetic configurations of this type. The oscillation frequency obtained for confinement of the type discussed in the article agrees well with what has been shown in laboratory experiments using microwaves to produce stationary luminous plasmoids in test tubes.

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No-Core Shell Model Calculations for 6,8He, 8,10,12B

The excitation energies of 6,8He and 8,10,12B isotopes in the p-shell region have been calculated by using large-basis no-core (i.e. considering all nucleons active with partial restrictions imposed on some nucleons). The shell model calculations have been performed using spsdpf model space with wbt effective residual interaction fitted for the p-shell nuclei. Three set of restrictions have been imposed named  in our calculations have been used. The comparison of our theoretical work with the recent available experimental data shows that the restriction  gives best results for Helium isotopes while  is in better agreement with the experiment for Boron isotopes.

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Free- free Scattering Theory of the Elastic Scattering of an Electron

Internal structure of target can be ignored and represented just as a scattering potential. For number of photon, l = -1, i.e, absorption of a photon (inverse Bremsstrahlung), The differential scattering cross section of an electron depends upon the fourth power of the wavelength (λ4) and the intensity of the Laser field The certain values of laser parameters the differential scattering cross section of scattered electron decreases with increase in scattering angle and attains a minimum value of 0.1 barn and further increase in scattering angle also increases in differential scattering cross section and attains a maximum value of 0.3 barn.

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Apparent Superluminal Speeds in Evanescent Fields, Quantum Tunnelling and Quantum Entanglement

However, once the wave front has reached some distant point in space, then propagation may actually seem to take place along this wave with superluminal speed, yet involving no conflict with special relativity. Quantum entanglement – Einstein’s “spooky action at a distance” – is one famous, and now experimentally verified example of propagation at such apparent superluminal speed, but which is here explained within the framework of special relativity. This then at the same time also leads to a deeper understanding of the limitation of the recently proposed clock-hypothesis in special relativity, and also provides an illustration of the mechanism involved in wave-particle duality.

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Electromagnetic gyrokinetic simulation of turbulence in torus plasmas

Gyrokinetic simulations of electromagnetic turbulence in magnetically confined torus plasmas including tokamak and heliotron/stellarator are reviewed. Numerical simulation of turbulence in finite beta plasmas is an important task for predicting the performance of fusion reactors and a great challenge in computational science due to multiple spatio-temporal scales related to electromagnetic ion and electron dynamics. The simulation becomes further challenging in non-axisymmetric plasmas.

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Magnetic-field generation by the ablative nonlinear Rayleigh–Taylor instability

Experiments reporting magnetic-field generation by the ablative nonlinear Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) instability are reviewed. The experiments show how large-scale magnetic fields can, under certain circumstances, emerge and persist in strongly driven laboratory and astrophysical flows at drive pressures exceeding one million times atmospheric pressure.

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Ion and electron heating during magnetic reconnection in weakly collisional plasmas

Magnetic reconnection and associated heating of ions and electrons in strongly magnetized, weakly collisional plasmas are studied by means of gyrokinetic simulations. It is shown that an appreciable amount of the released magnetic energy is dissipated to yield (irreversible) electron and ion heating via phase mixing. Electron heating is mostly localized to the magnetic island, not the current sheet, and occurs after the dynamical reconnection stage. Ion heating is comparable to electron heating only in high-β plasmas, and results from both parallel and perpendicular phase mixing due to finite Larmor radius (FLR) effects; in space, ion heating is mostly localized to the interior of a secondary island (plasmoid) that arises from the instability of the current sheet.

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Laboratory plasma physics experiments using merging supersonic plasma jets

We describe a laboratory plasma physics experiment at Los Alamos National Laboratory that uses two merging supersonic plasma jets formed and launched by pulsed-power-driven railguns. The jets can be formed using any atomic species or mixture available in a compressed-gas bottle and have the following nominal initial parameters at the railgun nozzle exit: ne ≈ ni ~ 1016 cm−3, Te ≈ Ti ≈ 1.4 eV, Vjet ≈ 30–100 km/s, mean charge $\bar{Z}$ ≈ 1, sonic Mach number Ms ≡ Vjet/Cs > 10, jet diameter = 5 cm, and jet length ≈20 cm. Experiments to date have focused on the study of merging-jet dynamics and the shocks that form as a result of the interaction, in both collisional and collisionless regimes with respect to the inter-jet classical ion mean free path, and with and without an applied magnetic field. However, many other studies are also possible, as discussed in this paper.

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Numerical methods for plasma physics in collisional regimes

We consider the development of accurate and efficient numerical methods for the solution of the Vlasov–Landau equation describing a collisional plasma. The methods combine a Lagrangian approach for the Vlasov solver with a fast spectral method for the solution of the Landau operator. To this goal, new modified spectral methods for the Landau integral which are capable to capture correctly the Maxwellian steady state are introduced. A particular care is devoted to the construction of Implicit–Explicit and Exponential Runge–Kutta methods that permit to achieve high-order and efficient time integration of the collisional step. Several numerical tests are reported which show the high accuracy of the numerical schemes here presented.

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Neoclassical transport processes in weakly collisional plasmas with fractured velocity distribution functions

Ripples in magnetic or electrostatic confinement fields give rise to trapping separatrices, and conventional neoclassical transport theory describes the collisional trapping/detrapping of particles with fractured distribution function. Our experiments and novel theory have now characterized a new kind of neoclassical transport processes arising from chaotic (nominally collisionless) separatrix crossings, which occur due to E × B plasma rotation along θ−ruffled or wave-perturbed separatrices. This chaotic neoclassical transport becomes dominant at low collisionality when the collisional spreading of particle energy during the dynamical period is less than the separatrix energy ruffle.

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Quasineutrality and parallel force balance in kinetic magnetohydrodynamics

 Kinetic magnetohydrodynamics refers usually to the hybrid fluid and kinetic description of a zero-Larmor-radius collisionless plasma, originally formulated in the classic papers of Kruskal and Oberman (1958) (Kruskal, M. D. and Oberman, C. R. 1958 Phys. Fluids1, 275), Rosenbluth and Rostoker (1959) (Rosenbluth, M. N. and Rostoker, N. 1959 Phys. Fluids2, 23), and Kulsrud (1962) (Kulsrud, R. 1962 Phys. Fluids5, 192). Such a theory is revisited here, as a special limit of the more general description put forward in Ramos (2010, 2011) (Ramos, J. J. 2010 Phys. Plasmas, 17, 082502; Ramos, J. J. 2011 Phys. Plasmas, 18, 102506). The present approach has the advantage of fulfilling the quasineutrality condition and avoiding the redundancy between the fluid and kinetic parallel force balance conditions with a built-in, rigorous account of the parallel electric field, thus affording a clear-cut handling of these issues. At zero-frequency marginal stability, the Rosenbluth–Rostoker fluid closures for the parallel and perpendicular pressures are obtained, in a solution with vanishing parallel electric field and non-zero parallel fluid displacement that satisfies exactly the desired quasineutrality and parallel force balance.

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Proton temperature-anisotropy-driven instabilities in weakly collisional plasmas: Hybrid simulations

Kinetic instabilities in weakly collisional, high beta plasmas are investigated using two-dimensional hybrid expanding box simulations with Coulomb collisions modeled through the Langevin equation (corresponding to the Fokker-Planck one). The expansion drives a parallel or perpendicular temperature anisotropy (depending on the orientation of the ambient magnetic field). For the chosen parameters the Coulomb collisions are important with respect to the driver but are not strong enough to keep the system stable with respect to instabilities driven by the proton temperature anisotropy. In the case of the parallel temperature anisotropy the dominant oblique fire hose instability efficiently reduces the anisotropy in a quasilinear manner. In the case of the perpendicular temperature anisotropy the dominant mirror instability generates coherent compressive structures which scatter protons and reduce the temperature anisotropy. For both the cases the instabilities generate temporarily enough wave energy so that the corresponding (anomalous) transport coefficients dominate over the collisional ones and their properties are similar to those in collisionless plasmas.

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Flow dynamics and magnetic induction in the von-Kármán plasma experiment

The von-Kármán plasma experiment is a novel versatile experimental device designed to explore the dynamics of basic magnetic induction processes and the dynamics of flows driven in weakly magnetized plasmas. A high-density plasma column (1016–1019 particles. m−3) is created by two radio-frequency plasma sources located at each end of a 1 m long linear device. Flows are driven through J × B azimuthal torques created from independently controlled emissive cathodes. The device has been designed such that magnetic induction processes and turbulent plasma dynamics can be studied from a variety of time-averaged axisymmetric flows in a cylinder. MHD simulations implementing volume-penalization support the experimental development to design the most efficient flow-driving schemes and understand the flow dynamics. Preliminary experimental results show that a rotating motion of up to nearly 1 km/s is controlled by the J × B azimuthal torque.

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A numerical study of Lévy random walks: Mean square displacement and power-law propagators

Non-diffusive transport, for which the particle mean free path grows nonlinearly in time, is envisaged for many space and laboratory plasmas. In particular, superdiffusion, i.e. 〈Δx2〉 ∝ tα with α > 1, can be described in terms of a Lévy random walk, in which case the probability of free-path lengths has power-law tails. Here, we develop a direct numerical simulation to reproduce the Lévy random walk, as distinct from the Lévy flights. This implies that in the free-path probability distribution Ψ(x, t) there is a space-time coupling, that is, the free-path length is proportional to the free-path duration. A power-law probability distribution for the free-path duration is assumed, so that the numerical model depends on the power-law slope μ and on the scale distance x0. The numerical model is able to reproduce the expected mean square deviation, which grows in a superdiffusive way, and the expected propagator P(x, t), which exhibits power-law tails, too. The difference in the power-law slope between the Lévy flights propagator and the Lévy walks propagator is also estimated.

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Uniform derivation of Coulomb collisional transport thanks to Debye shielding

The effective potential acting on particles in plasmas being essentially the Debye-shielded Coulomb potential, the particles collisional transport in thermal equilibrium is calculated for all impact parameters b, with a convergent expression reducing to Rutherford scattering for small b. No cutoff at the Debye length scale is needed, and the Coulomb logarithm is only slightly modified.

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Nonlinear collisionless damping of Weibel turbulence in relativistic blast waves

The Weibel/filamentation instability is known to play a key role in the physics of weakly magnetized collisionless shock waves. From the point of view of high energy astrophysics, this instability also plays a crucial role because its development in the shock precursor populates the downstream with a small-scale magneto-static turbulence which shapes the acceleration and radiative processes of suprathermal particles. The present work discusses the physics of the dissipation of this Weibel-generated turbulence downstream of relativistic collisionless shock waves. It calculates explicitly the first-order nonlinear terms associated to the diffusive nature of the particle trajectories. These corrections are found to systematically increase the damping rate, assuming that the scattering length remains larger than the coherence length of the magnetic fluctuations. The relevance of such corrections is discussed in a broader astrophysical perspective, in particular regarding the physics of the external relativistic shock wave of a gamma-ray burst.

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Separatrices: The crux of reconnection

Magnetic reconnection is one of the key processes in astrophysical and laboratory plasmas: it is the opposite of a dynamo. Looking at energy, a dynamo transforms kinetic energy in magnetic energy while reconnection takes magnetic energy and returns it to its kinetic form. Most plasma processes at their core involve first storing magnetic energy accumulated over time and then releasing it suddenly. We focus here on this release. A key concept in analysing reconnection is that of the separatrix, a surface (line in 2D) that separates the fresh unperturbed plasma embedded in magnetic field lines not yet reconnected with the hotter exhaust embedded in reconnected field lines. In kinetic physics, the separatrices become a layer where many key processes develop. We present here new results relative to the processes at the separatrices that regulate the plasma flow, the energization of the species, the electromagnetic fields and the instabilities developing at the separatrices.

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Dusty plasmas over the Moon

The results on dusty plasmas over the Moon are reviewed. The problems concerning the dusty plasma over the lunar surface are formulated.

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Modulational stability of electron plasma wave spectra

Analytical models for weakly nonlinear electron plasma waves are considered in order to obtain dynamic equations for the space-time evolution of their local power spectra. The model contains the wave kinetic equation as a limiting case for slow, long wavelength modulations. It is demonstrated that a finite spectral width in wavenumbers has a stabilizing effect on the modulational instability. The results invite a simple heuristic relation between the spectral width and the root-mean-square amplitude of stable stationary turbulent Langmuir wave spectra. A non-local average dispersion relation is derived as a limiting form by using the formalism developed for the spectral dynamics.

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